Charles Dickens - Wikipedia. Charles Dickens. Dickens in New York, 1. Born. Charles John Huffam Dickens(1. February 1. 81. 2Landport, Hampshire, England, United Kingdom. Died. 9 June 1. 87. Higham, Kent, England, United Kingdom. Resting place. Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey. Occupation. Writer. Nationality. British. Notable works. Spouse. Catherine Thomson Hogarth. Children. Signature. Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1. He created some of the world's best- known fictional characters and is regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. Mary Dickens; Kate Perugini; Walter Landor Dickens; Francis Dickens; Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens; Sydney Smith Haldimand Dickens.His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity. Despite his lack of formal education, he edited a weekly journal for 2. Dickens's literary success began with the 1. The Pickwick Papers. Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also frequently adapted, and, like many of his novels, evoke images of early Victorian London. His 1. 85. 9 novel, A Tale of Two Cities, set in London and Paris, is his best- known work of historical fiction. Dickens's creative genius has been praised by fellow writers. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of psychological depth, loose writing, and a vein of saccharine sentimentalism. The term Dickensian is used to describe something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings, such as poor social conditions or comically repulsive characters. 33000+ free ebooks online. Did you know that you can help us produce ebooks by proof-reading just one page a day? The largest source for Expert content on the Internet that helps users answer questions, solve problems, learn something new or find inspiration. Welcome to the Google PubSubHubbub Hub! This hub conforms to the Pubsubhubbub 0.4 specification. In addition, this hub conforms to the Pubsubhubbub 0.3 specification. His father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district. He asked Christopher Huffam. Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey, the owner of a shipping company in Dickens's eponymous Dombey and Son (1. His early life seems to have been idyllic, though he thought himself a . He read and reread The Arabian Nights and the Collected Farces of Elizabeth Inchbald. See: Abbadie, Arnauld d', 1815-1894? His wife and youngest children joined him there, as was the practice at the time. Charles, then 1. 2 years old, boarded with Elizabeth Roylance, a family friend, at 1. College Place, Camden Town. Later, he lived in a back- attic in the house of an agent for the Insolvent Court, Archibald Russell, . To pay for his board and to help his family, Dickens was forced to leave school and work ten- hour days at Warren's Blacking Warehouse, on Hungerford Stairs, near the present Charing Cross railway station, where he earned six shillings a week pasting labels on pots of boot blacking. The strenuous and often harsh working conditions made a lasting impression on Dickens and later influenced his fiction and essays, becoming the foundation of his interest in the reform of socio- economic and labour conditions, the rigours of which he believed were unfairly borne by the poor. He later wrote that he wondered . It was a crazy, tumble- down old house, abutting of course on the river, and literally overrun with rats. Its wainscoted rooms, and its rotten floors and staircase, and the old grey rats swarming down in the cellars, and the sound of their squeaking and scuffling coming up the stairs at all times, and the dirt and decay of the place, rise up visibly before me, as if I were there again. The counting- house was on the first floor, looking over the coal- barges and the river. There was a recess in it, in which I was to sit and work. My work was to cover the pots of paste- blacking; first with a piece of oil- paper, and then with a piece of blue paper; to tie them round with a string; and then to clip the paper close and neat, all round, until it looked as smart as a pot of ointment from an apothecary's shop. When a certain number of grosses of pots had attained this pitch of perfection, I was to paste on each a printed label, and then go on again with more pots. Two or three other boys were kept at similar duty down- stairs on similar wages. One of them came up, in a ragged apron and a paper cap, on the first Monday morning, to show me the trick of using the string and tying the knot. His name was Bob Fagin; and I took the liberty of using his name, long afterwards, in Oliver Twist. On the expectation of this legacy, Dickens was released from prison. Under the Insolvent Debtors Act, Dickens arranged for payment of his creditors, and he and his family left Marshalsea. This influenced Dickens's view that a father should rule the family, and a mother find her proper sphere inside the home: . His mother's failure to request his return was a factor in his dissatisfied attitude towards women. He did not consider it to be a good school: . Creakle's Establishment in David Copperfield. He was a gifted mimic and impersonated those around him: clients, lawyers, and clerks. He went to theatres obsessively. His favourite actor was Charles Mathews, and Dickens learnt his monopolylogues, (farces in which Mathews played every character), by heart. A distant relative, Thomas Charlton, was a freelance reporter at Doctors' Commons, and Dickens was able to share his box there to report the legal proceedings for nearly four years. Maria's parents disapproved of the courtship and ended the relationship by sending her to school in Paris. Dickens prepared meticulously and decided to imitate the comedian Charles Mathews, but ultimately he missed the audition because of a cold. Before another opportunity arose, he had set out on his career as a writer. He rented rooms at Furnival's Inn and worked as a political journalist, reporting on Parliamentary debates, and he travelled across Britain to cover election campaigns for the Morning Chronicle. His journalism, in the form of sketches in periodicals, formed his first collection of pieces, published in 1. Sketches by Boz. When pronounced by anyone with a head cold, . Hogarth invited Dickens to contribute Street Sketches and Dickens became a regular visitor to his Fulham house, excited by Hogarth's friendship with a hero of his, Walter Scott, and enjoying the company of Hogarth's three daughters. He began a friendship with William Harrison Ainsworth, the author of the highwayman novel Rookwood (1. Harrow Road had become the meeting place for a set that included Daniel Maclise, Benjamin Disraeli, Edward Bulwer- Lytton, and George Cruikshank. All these became his friends and collaborators, with the exception of Disraeli, and he met his first publisher, John Macrone, at the house. Seymour committed suicide after the second instalment, and Dickens, who wanted to write a connected series of sketches, hired . The resulting story became The Pickwick Papers, and though the first few episodes were not successful, the introduction of the Cockney character Sam Weller in the fourth episode (the first to be illustrated by Phiz) marked a sharp climb in its popularity. Oliver Twist, published in 1. Dickens's better known stories, and was the first Victorian novel with a child protagonist. After a brief honeymoon in Chalk in Kent the couple returned to lodgings at Furnival's Inn. Dickens became very attached to Mary, and she died in his arms after a brief illness in 1. Unusually for Dickens, as a consequence of his shock, he stopped working, and he and Kate stayed at a little farm on Hampstead Heath for a fortnight. Dickens idealised Mary,- the character he fashioned after her, Rose Maylie, he found he could not now kill, as he had planned, in his fiction. The young Queen Victoria read both Oliver Twist and Pickwick, staying up until midnight to discuss them. Other signs of a certain restlessness and discontent emerge. He declared they were both to drown there in the . She finally got free but afterwards kept her distance. In June 1. 84. 1 he precipitately set out on a two- month tour of Scotland and then, in September 1. Forster that he had decided to go to America. At this time Georgina Hogarth, another sister of Catherine, joined the Dickens household, now living at Devonshire Terrace, Marylebone, to care for the young family they had left behind. Sketch of Dickens's sister Fanny, bottom left. He described his impressions in a travelogue, American Notes for General Circulation. Dickens includes in Notes a powerful condemnation of slavery, which he had attacked as early as The Pickwick Papers, correlating the emancipation of the poor in England with the abolition of slavery abroad. In spite of the abolitionist sentiments gleaned from his trip to America, some modern commentators have pointed out inconsistencies in Dickens' views on racial inequality, for instance, he has been criticized for his subsequent acquiescence in Governor Eyre's harsh crackdown during the 1. Morant Bay rebellion in Jamaica and his failure to join other British progressives in condemning it. While there, he expressed a desire to see an American prairie before returning east. A group of 1. 3 men then set out with Dickens to visit Looking Glass Prairie, a trip 3. Illinois. During his American visit, Dickens spent a month in New York City, giving lectures, raising the question of international copyright laws and the pirating of his work in America. Of these, A Christmas Carol was most popular and, tapping into an old tradition, did much to promote a renewed enthusiasm for the joys of Christmas in Britain and America. This, along with scenes he had recently witnessed at the Field Lane Ragged School, caused Dickens to resolve to . As the idea for the story took shape and the writing began in earnest, Dickens became engrossed in the book. He later wrote that as the tale unfolded he . This and David Copperfield (1. It had been carried out by Thomas Powell, a clerk, who was on friendly terms with Dickens and who had acted as mentor to Augustus when he started work. Powell was also an author and poet and knew many of the famous writers of the day. Thomas Hardy - Wikipedia. Thomas Hardy. Hardy between about 1. Born(1. 84. 0- 0. June 1. 84. 0Stinsford, Dorset, England. Died. 11 January 1. Dorchester, Dorset, England. Resting place. Occupation. Novelist, poet, and short story writer. Alma mater. King's College London. Literary movement. Naturalism, Victorian literature. Notable works. Tess of the d'Urbervilles,Far from the Madding Crowd,Collected Poems. Jude the Obscure. Spouse. Signature. Thomas Hardy, OM (2 June 1. A Victorian realist in the tradition of George Eliot, he was influenced both in his novels and in his poetry by Romanticism, especially William Wordsworth. Initially, therefore, he gained fame as the author of such novels as Far from the Madding Crowd (1. The Mayor of Casterbridge (1. Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1. Jude the Obscure (1. Hardy's poetry, though prolific, was not as well received during his lifetime; it was rediscovered in the 1. Hardy's poetry had a significant influence on the Movement poets of the 1. Philip Larkin. For several years he attended Mr. Last's Academy for Young Gentlemen in Dorchester, where he learned Latin and demonstrated academic potential. He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association. He joined Arthur Blomfield's practice as assistant architect in April 1. Blomfield on All Saints' parish church in Windsor, Berkshire in 1. A reredos, possibly designed by Hardy, was discovered behind panelling at All Saints' in August 2. During this time he became interested in social reform and the works of John Stuart Mill. He was also introduced by his Dorset friend Horace Moule to the works of Charles Fourier and Auguste Comte. After five years, concerned about his health, he returned to Dorset, settling in Weymouth, and decided to dedicate himself to writing. Novel writing. Although they later became estranged, Emma's subsequent death in 1. Hardy made a trip to Cornwall to revisit places linked with their courtship; his Poems 1. In 1. 91. 4, Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 3. However, he remained preoccupied with his first wife's death and tried to overcome his remorse by writing poetry. He would be nominated for the prize in eleven more years. His funeral was on 1. January at Westminster Abbey, and it proved a controversial occasion because Hardy had wished for his body to be interred at Stinsford in the same grave as his first wife, Emma. His family and friends concurred; however, his executor, Sir Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, insisted that he be placed in the abbey's famous Poets' Corner. A compromise was reached whereby his heart was buried at Stinsford with Emma, and his ashes in Poets' Corner. He then showed it to his mentor and friend, the Victorian poet and novelist, George Meredith, who felt that The Poor Man and the Lady would be too politically controversial and might damage Hardy's ability to publish in the future. So Hardy followed his advice and he did not try further to publish it. He subsequently destroyed the manuscript, but used some of the ideas in his later work. Wessex had been the name of an early Saxon kingdom, in approximately the same part of England. Far from the Madding Crowd was successful enough for Hardy to give up architectural work and pursue a literary career. Over the next twenty- five years Hardy produced ten more novels. Subsequently the Hardys moved from London to Yeovil, and then to Sturminster Newton, where he wrote The Return of the Native (1. Hardy published Two on a Tower in 1. Then in 1. 88. 5, they moved for the last time, to Max Gate, a house outside Dorchester designed by Hardy and built by his brother. There he wrote The Mayor of Casterbridge (1. The Woodlanders (1. Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1. Its subtitle, A Pure Woman: Faithfully Presented, was intended to raise the eyebrows of the Victorian middle classes. Jude the Obscure, published in 1. Victorian public because of its controversial treatment of sex, religion and marriage. Furthermore, its apparent attack on the institution of marriage caused further strain on Hardy's already difficult marriage because Emma Hardy was concerned that Jude the Obscure would be read as autobiographical. Some booksellers sold the novel in brown paper bags, and the Bishop of Wakefield, Walsham How, is reputed to have burnt his copy. Such unhappiness, and the suffering it brings, is seen by poet Philip Larkin as central in Hardy's works: ? In my view it is suffering, or sadness, and extended consideration of the centrality of suffering in Hardy's work should be the first duty of the true critic for which the work is still waiting . The reader is forced to reconsider the conventions set up by society for the relationships between women and men. Nineteenth- century society had conventions, which were enforced. In this novel Swithin St Cleeve's idealism pits him against such contemporary social constraints. Hardy's characters often encounter crossroads on a journey, a junction that offers alternative physical destinations but which is also symbolic of a point of opportunity and transition, further suggesting that fate is at work. Far From the Madding Crowd is an example of a novel in which chance has a major role: . While some suggest that Hardy gave up writing novels following the harsh criticism of Jude the Obscure in 1. C. They had been estranged for twenty years and these lyric poems express deeply felt . Holst also wrote the orchestral tone poem Egdon Heath: A Homage to Thomas Hardy in 1. Although his poems were initially not as well received as his novels had been, Hardy is now recognised as one of the greatest twentieth- century poets, and his verse has had a profound influence on later writers, including Robert Frost, W. Auden, Dylan Thomas, and, most notably Philip Larkin. Eliot in his edition of the Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse in 1. He was baptised at the age of five weeks and attended church, where his father and uncle contributed to music. However, he did not attend the local Church of England school, instead being sent to Mr Last's school, three miles away. As a young adult, he befriended Henry R. Bastow (a Plymouth Brethren man), who also worked as a pupil architect, and who was preparing for adult baptism in the Baptist Church. Hardy flirted with conversion, but decided against it. This concluded Hardy's links with the Baptists. The irony and struggles of life, coupled with his naturally curious mind, led him to question the traditional Christian view of God: The Christian God . The 'tribal god, man- shaped, fiery- faced and tyrannous' is replaced by the 'unconscious will of the Universe' which progressively grows aware of itself and 'ultimately, it is to be hoped, sympathetic'. However, Hardy's religious life seems to have mixed agnosticism, deism, and spiritism. Once, when asked in correspondence by a clergyman, Dr A. Grosart, about the question of reconciling the horrors of human and animal life with . Hardy regrets that he is unable to offer any hypothesis which would reconcile the existence of such evils as Dr. Grosart describes with the idea of omnipotent goodness. Grosart might be helped to a provisional view of the universe by the recently published Life of Darwin and the works of Herbert Spencer and other agnostics. He also showed in his writing some degree of fascination with ghosts and spirits. Moule remained a close friend of Hardy's for the rest of his life, and introduced him to new scientific findings that cast doubt on literal interpretations of the Bible. Moule gave Hardy a copy of Mantell's book The Wonders of Geology (1. Adelene Buckland has suggested that there are . It has also been suggested that the character of Henry Knight in A Pair of Blue Eyes was based on Horace Moule. For locations in Hardy's novels see: Thomas Hardy's Wessex, and the Thomas Hardy's Wessex. Lawrence's Study of Thomas Hardy (1. Hardy for him, even though this work is a platform for Lawrence's own developing philosophy rather than a more standard literary study. The influence of Hardy's treatment of character, and Lawrence's own response to the central metaphysic behind many of Hardy's novels, helped significantly in the development of The Rainbow (1. Women in Love (1. Somerset Maugham's novel Cakes and Ale (1. His works have been collected as the 2. Wessex Edition (1. His largely self- written biography appears under his second wife's name in two volumes from 1. The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1. Martin's Press, 1. Selected Poems (Edited by Robert Mezey, Penguin, 1. Thomas Hardy: The Complete Poems (Edited by James Gibson, Palgrave, 2. Online poems: Poems by Thomas Hardy. Walsh, Lauren (2. Retrieved 1. 7 August 2. London: Oxford University Press^. Retrieved 1. 9 May 2. London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 1. Thomas of Max Gate Dorchester Dorsetshire died 1. January 1. 92. 8 Probate London 2. February to Lloyds Bank Limited Effects . Bullen (2. 4 June 2. Thomas Hardy: The World of his Novels. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 7. Delphi Complete Works of Thomas Hardy (Illustrated). ISBN 9. 78- 1- 9. Norton, 2. 00. 0, p. Larkin, Philip 1. New York: Routledge, 2. Retrieved 7 September 2. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1. Retrieved 1. 9 May 2. New York: Prentice Hall, 1. The Bloomsbury Guide, p. Retrieved 1. 9 May 2. The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 1. 9 May 2. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1. Katherine Kearney Maynard, Thomas Hardy's Tragic Poetry: The Lyrics and The Dynasts. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1. Herbert N. Waking Giants: The Presence of the Past in Modernism. Retrieved 1. 6 April 2. Retrieved 1. 9 May 2. Retrieved 1. 9 May 2. Retrieved 1. 9 May 2. Ellman, Richard, & O'Clair, Robert (eds.) 1. Retrieved 1. 0 December 2. Retrieved 1. 9 May 2. Retrieved 1. 9 May 2. Lawrence and John Cowper Powys. Chichester, Sussex: John Wiley, 2. Lawrence and John Cowper Powys. Herbert Williams, John Cowper Powys. New York: Grove Press, 1. Tess of the d'Urbervilles. Retrieved 2. 1 February 2. Colby Library Quarterly, series 1, no. The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 1. 9 May 2.
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